Related Conditions and Treatments
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Condition
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a combination of medical problems. These problems may include heart defects, cleft palate, speech or feeding problems, difficulty fighting infections, low calcium levels, kidney problems, learning or behavioral issues, and facial differences.
Learn more about 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (AP-4-HSP)
Condition
AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP) is a group of slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorders.
Learn more about AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (AP-4-HSP)
Achondroplasia
Condition
Achondroplasia is a genetic bone disorder, affecting one in 20,000 babies. It is the most common type of dwarfism.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Condition
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) involves a brief but intense attack of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord that damages the brain's myelin.
Learn more about Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Condition
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurologic condition that can cause muscle weakness and possible paralysis.
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Condition
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) involves a brief, intense attack of swelling in the spinal cord that damages myelin.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Condition
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic condition that causes the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the brain.
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Condition
Amniotic band syndrome (constriction ring syndrome) happens when fibrous bands of the amniotic sac get tangled around a developing fetus.
Anaplastic Astrocytomas
Condition
Anaplastic astrocytomas are brain tumors that arise from brain cells called astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell.
Anencephaly
Condition
Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that affects the formation of a baby's brain and the skull bones that surround the head.
Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children
Condition
An arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an injury to the brain or spinal cord caused by a lack of oxygen to the area affected.
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Condition
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt the normal flow of blood.
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Condition
Learn more about Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) symptoms and treatments. AVM tissues removed after treatment are being studied by our researchers.
Arthrogryposis
Condition
Arthrogryposis is a term used to describe conditions characterized by stiff joints and abnormally developed muscles.
Astrocytoma
Condition
Astrocytomas are tumors that arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Atlantoaxial Instability
Condition
Atlantoaxial instability is a condition of too much mobility in the neck that can lead to spinal cord compression.
Atrioventricular Canal Defect
Condition
An atrioventricular canal defect, or AV canal, is a combination of several closely associated heart problems that result in a large defect in the center of the heart.
Birth Defects and Congenital Anomalies
Condition
A birth defect is a health problem or a physical abnormality.
Bone Tumors and Bone Cysts
Condition
Bone tumors and bone cysts are types of abnormal growth within a bone. Most are benign (noncancerous).
Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Condition
Brachial plexus birth injury is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs during childbirth.
Brain Abscess
Condition
A brain abscess is a brain infection that may cause problems with a child's brain and spinal cord function.
Brain Aneurysms
Condition
A brain aneurysm is a weak point in a blood vessel within the brain.
Brain Tumors
Condition
Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening.
CDKL5 Disorder
Condition
CDKL5 disorder is a rare neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by early onset epilepsy, low muscle tone, and developmental challenges.
Cerebral Arteriopathies in Children
Condition
Cerebral arteriopathies are disorders that affect the arteries in the brain and are associated with an increased risk of stroke.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Condition
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement as a result of damage to the brain of an infant.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Children
Condition
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious condition that is a cause of stroke in children and newborns.
Chondrosarcoma
Condition
Chondrosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that typically develops in the cartilage that coats the ends of bones and forms joints.
Choroid Plexus Brain Tumor
Condition
Choroid plexus brain tumors develop in the tissue located in the spaces of the brain called ventricles.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus
Condition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. It is incurable and is a lifetime infection.
Congenital Heart Defects
Condition
A congenital heart defect is a structural problem of the heart that develops during pregnancy.
Congenital Limb Differences
Condition
Congenital limb differences occur when a baby’s arm or leg does not form properly during pregnancy.
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Condition
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic condition that affects development and growth.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Condition
Cortical visual impairment is diagnosed when children show abnormal visual responses that aren’t caused by the eyes themselves.
Craniopharyngioma
Condition
Craniopharyngioma is a childhood brain tumor.
Developmental Disabilities
Condition
Developmental delays refer to when developmental skills are at a lower level than expected for a child’s age, such as language, motor, cognition, or play.
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)
Condition
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas are highly aggressive and difficult-to treat-brain tumors found at the base of the brain. See how we treat them.
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Condition
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of rare congenital heart condition.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Condition
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and most severe type of muscular dystrophy.
Ebstein's Anomaly
Condition
Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve.
Ependymoma
Condition
An ependymoma is a tumor that arises from cells that are found lining the ventricular system (areas of the brain or spinal cord where spinal fluid is found).
Ewing Sarcoma
Condition
Ewing sarcoma is a kind of cancer that grows in bones or soft tissues.
Fabry Disease
Condition
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that is progressive in nature and affects many of the body’s systems.
Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Condition
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is when a genetic form of dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in multiple members of a family.
Familial Isolated Congenital Heart Disease
Condition
Familial isolated congenital heart disease is a congenital heart condition that is both familial and isolated.
Fibrosarcoma
Condition
A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that originates in the connective fibrous tissue found at the ends of bones of the arm or legs, and then spreads to other surrounding soft tissues.
Fragile X Syndrome
Condition
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a range of learning and developmental problems.
GM1 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM1 gangliosidosis, also called beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency, is a genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
GM2 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM2 gangliosidosis is a rare genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Brain
Condition
Germ cell tumors of the brain develop from germ cells — the cells that later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries.
Giant Cell Tumor
Condition
A giant cell tumor is a benign solitary tumor that usually grows in the ends of long bones, and contains unusually large cells.
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Condition
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are high-grade gliomas that arise from the brain’s supportive tissue (glial cells).
Glioma
Condition
A glioma is a kind of brain tumor that originates from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Condition
Glycogen storage disease interferes with the liver’s ability to convert glycogen into energy.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Condition
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system.
Head or Brain Injury
Condition
Head injury is a broad term that describes many different types of conditions — ranging from bumps and bruises to concussions, skull fractures, and serious brain injuries.
Heart Failure
Condition
Heart failure in children occurs when a child’s heart is not working as well as it should.
Heart Tumor
Condition
A heart tumor, also known as a cardiac tumor, is a rare, abnormal growth that develops in the heart.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Condition
A hemorrhagic stroke is the result of bleeding in the brain.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Condition
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of over 80 different genetic conditions that present with progressive spasticity (muscle tightness) and weakness.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Condition
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a spectrum of heart diseases in which the left-heart structures are underdeveloped.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
Condition
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles — spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare spinal condition characterized by a short neck, low hairline, and limited neck mobility.
Limb Length Discrepancy
Condition
A limb-length discrepancy is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other leg or arm.
Medulloblastoma
Condition
A medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls complex motor functions.
Meningitis
Condition
Meningitis is a bacterial or viral infection that causes three thin layers of tissue that surround the brain and the spinal cord to swell.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Condition
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare genetic condition in which an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules (sulfatides) affects cells in the nervous system.
Movement Disorders
Condition
Children with movement disorders have involuntary movements or trouble moving in the way they intend to.
Moyamoya Disease
Condition
Moyamoya is a rare condition in which the blood vessels (internal carotid arteries) that supply blood to the brain become narrowed.
Muscle Weakness (Hypotonia)
Condition
Hypotonia is decreased muscle tone.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
Condition
Muscular dystrophy is a general name for a group of rare diseases that cause muscle weakness. It is caused by mutations in certain genes.
Myasthenia Gravis
Condition
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes the muscles, especially in the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs, to weaken after periods of activity.
Neonatal Stroke
Condition
Neonatal stroke is stroke in newborns between birth and 28 days.
Neuroblastoma
Condition
Neuroblastoma is a cancerous tumor that begins in nerve tissue of young children.
Neurofibromatosis
Condition
Neurofibromatosis 1 is a genetic condition that causes symptoms including tumors (called neurofibromas) formed from nerve tissue.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Condition
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that causes slow-growing tumors to develop on the eighth cranial nerve.
Neurofibrosarcoma
Condition
Neurofibrosarcomas (peripheral nerve sheath tumors) are malignant tumors that form in the soft tissues surrounding the peripheral nerves.
Neurogenic Bladder
Condition
Neurogenic bladder is a urinary tract dysfunction in which the bladder doesn’t empty, properly due to a neurological condition or spinal cord injury.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Condition
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by fragile bones that break easily without a specific cause.
Osteosarcoma
Condition
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents, and young adults.
Pediatric and Childhood Cancers
Condition
While childhood cancer is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring intensive treatment, the majority of pediatric cancers are treatable.
Peripheral Nerve Injury
Condition
Peripheral nerve injuries interfere with signals between the brain and other parts of the body.
Periventricular Leukomalacia
Condition
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a type of brain injury most common in very premature babies.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Condition
A pilocytic astrocytoma is a brain tumor that originates from star-shaped cells called astrocytes.
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency (Radial Club Hand)
Condition
Radial longitudinal deficiency (radial club hand) is a rare condition that affects the forearm.
Learn more about Radial Longitudinal Deficiency (Radial Club Hand)
Rett Syndrome
Condition
Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes a loss of spoken language and motor skills, as well as behavioral and neurological problems.
Skeletal Dysplasia
Condition
Skeletal dysplasia is a category of rare genetic disorders that cause abnormal development of a baby’s bones, joints, and cartilage.
Spina Bifida
Condition
Spina bifida occurs when the brain, spinal cord, or the membranes that cover them (meninges) do not completely develop.
Spinal Cord Injury
Condition
A spinal cord injury is any damage to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma, rather than a birth defect or medical condition.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Condition
Spinal muscular atrophy is when muscles throughout the body are weakened because nerve cells in the spinal cord and brainstem do not work properly.
Stroke in Children
Condition
Stroke is a general term that is used to describe an injury to the brain caused by either bleeding (referred to as hemorrhagic stroke) or a lack of oxygen due to vessel obstruction (referred to as ischemic stroke).
Tethered Spinal Cord
Condition
A tethered spinal cord occurs when the spinal cord is attached to tissue around the spine, most commonly at the base.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a serious congenital heart defect where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia is a more severe form of TOF, where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Learn more about Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Condition
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is when the “great” arteries, the aorta and the right ventricle, are reversed in their origins from the heart.
Trisomy 18 and 13
Condition
Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are fatal genetic birth disorders.
Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency (Ulnar Club Hand)
Condition
Children with ulnar longitudinal deficiency are born with their wrist in a fixed, bent position toward the little finger side of the hand.
Learn more about Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency (Ulnar Club Hand)
Vasculitis
Condition
Vasculitis, also called angiitis or arteritis, is an umbrella term for more than a dozen conditions, all of which involve inflammation of the blood vessels.
Venous Malformation
Condition
A venous malformation (VM) is a bluish lesion caused by widened, abnormally shaped veins.
Walking (Gait) Abnormalities
Condition
A gait abnormality is an unusual walking pattern.